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DISCOURSE 






DELIVERED 




IN rLYMOUTlI AT THE CUSHMAN FESTIVAL, 




AUGUST 15, 18 55. 








« 



ijrauutli's %ntl: 

^'■The rock whence "vve tcere hewn." 



A 



DISCOURSE 



DELIVERED 



IN PLYMOUTH AT THE CUSHMAN FESTIVAL, 

August 15tli, 1855, 



THE OOXXXVTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE EMBARKATION 
OF THE PILGRIMS FOR AMERICA. 



•0. 

ROBERT W. ClISniAN, 

OF BOSTON . 



n.5,A, ^.)] 



.^■J 



BOSTON: 
J. M. HE WES, PKINTER, 81 CORN HILL. 

1855. 






^ -J?6(^^ 



DISCOURSE. 



FAl'HEtis and motliers, brothets atid sisters, kindred 
all, we bid you welcome home ! 

We have come to talk of the olden time. We have 
come to honor the dead ; and to bear away with us, if 
we may, some benefit from such filial homage for ourselves 
and for our children. 

How unwonted our emotions : strangers looking upon 
each other for the first time, yet one family! As Ave 
think of home and childhood, our memories fly over the 
broad continent ; to alight, some, among the wintry hills 
of New Hampshire, and others amid the savannahs of the 
sunny South ; some on the banks of the Kennebec, and 
others where the father of waters rolls the tribute of a 
thousand rivers to the sea. 

Yet the time was when the blood which flows in our 
veins was centered in a single household near the spot 
where we are now gathered. And when the Sabbath 
called them from the domestic to the public altar, they 
worshiped where we stand. 

It is fitting that, on the occasion which has brought us 
to visit the old family homestead and the old family 
tomb, we should gather where they gathered. It is 



fitting that our first act in this re-union should be a 
solemn recognition of our fathers' God, and an acknow- 
ledgment of our obligation to Him for the blessings which 
we enjoy as the fruit of their piety and sacrifices. 

And now that we have joined in worship, before we go 
up to press around the time-worn graves of our earliest 
dead, let us open the old Pilgrim Bible and seek, as they 
were wont to seek on all public occasions, a channel for 
our thoughts from the word of God. And, as we have 
come to talk of family affairs, the text that may, per- 
haps, most fitly guide us is that of the command in the 
first and second verses of the fifty-first chapter of Isaiah. 
" Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the 
hole of tiie pit whence ye are digged. Look unto 
Abraham, your father, and to Sarah that bear you : for 
I called him alone and blessed him and increased him." 

On an ordinary occasion of religious instruction, a 
freer scope might be indulged on the subject matter of 
this text than time will permit on this. We may remark, 
however, that we are happily not in the condition of those 
to whom it was addressed. They were about to pass 
through the calamities which are involved in the loss of 
country and freedom. These, even they "who followed 
after righteousness" were to suffer, in the chastisement 
that was to be visited on the nation's sins. The providence 
of God is not so discriminating in national visitations as 
to rescue the innocent from the calamities of the guilty. 
If locust and canker-worm, if blasting and mildew cover 
a land, or earthquakes upheave and tornadoes sweep it ; 
if pestilence thin its people, if famine waste its strength ; 
or if despotism triumph and liberty fall, the righteous 
must suffer with the wicked. But then it is their privi- 
lege to recognize the Hand that holds the rod, and to 
hear a voice assuring them that they are not forgotten. 



5 

In the case of the rigliteoiis, to whom the prophet 
spoke, there was a special ground of hope. Sinful as 
their nation was, — " a people laden with iniquity," — 
it had a destiny to fulfil which forbade its extinction. 
Chastised it must he, hut not destroyed, for there was a 
blessing wrapped up in its nationality for the rest of 
mankind. When, therefore, the predicted calamity 
should overtake them, and they should be driven out 
from their own land into exile and bondage, and the 
dark cloud of judgment be shutting down on their future, 
the pious were directed to look to the past. They might 
thus re-assure their hopes by the circumstances of their 
nation's origin ; and by the promises made to their pro- 
genitor by One who " is not a man that He should lie, 
nor the son of man that He should repent." 

Although, happily, we have no such cause to look 
away from the future to the past as they had, such retro- 
spection to-day may not be without its benefit, if not for 
strength to meet apprehended trials, yet for incitement 
to the more diligent discharge of awaiting duties. 

The people whom the prophet was addressing had this 
advantage, as a nation, over us ; that they all knew who 
their ancestors were. Every individual fjimily had a 
perfect and reliable record of its pedigree. An Israelite 
of a thousand years' descent could tell you his genealogy 
through all his fathers back to the beginning of his 
nation, — to the common progenitor of all its liimilies. 
And wherever he met a fellow-countryman he felt that 
he was with his kindred. Whatever advantages might 
be derived from the contemplation of ancestral virtues 
and the ties of kindred, tliey had in their largest mea- 
sure ; and how much they gloried in them is often seen 
in their history. 



In this respect the American people form a perfect 
contrast to them ; and not only the American people at 
large, but even the descendants of the first settlers of New 
England. There is no people on earth, probably, who 
concern themselves so little about their ancestry as the 
people of this country ; or who, after the first degree, 
feel so little interest in consanguinity. 

How often do you hear, in reply to the question ; 
Whether such a one is a relative, the negative given, 
because he is only a second cousin. If you ask a man 
who was his grandfather, he may be able to tell you. 
But if you ask where he came from, (that he came from 
somewhere is taken for granted,) it is more likely than 
not that you will be answered in some such dubious and 
traditionary form as the following : — " I have heard my 
ftither say that his father came from the eastward ; or, 
' from the old country ;' " or, " he was born somewhere 
in New England ;" or some other answer equally in- 
structive. 

This ignorance is, of course, the result of indifference. 
And the indifference itself has probably been fostered by 
the contempt in which, as a people, we have been nursed^ 
for hereditary distinctions ; and by the importance we 
attach, very justly, to individual character. It is also, 
without doubt, in some degree the result of that earnest- 
ness with which the attention of men in this country has 
ever been directed to the opening future. So earnest 
has been the spirit of anticipation, that one might sup- 
pose us to be born with the nature of partridges. We 
are so eager to be off in pursuit of our destinyj that we 
do not wait to drop our shells. Children spring into 
manhood ; and it is well with their fathers only because 
the land is wide ; otherwise they would be jostled off the 
stage by their filial rivals. 



Let us rejoice that this indifTercnce to the men and 
things of the past, in New England, is beginning to be 
corrected. No people under heaven have so great rea- 
son to value their descent as those whose ancestors aban- 
doned the blessings of a civilized land, and encountered 
the hardships and perils of unfrequented seas, and the 
savage wilds of the new-found continent, for the benefit 
of coming generations. The names of such men should 
not be forgotten, nor remain unhonored. 

If these remarks be just, of the early settlers and their 
descendants gemrally, how emphatically true are they of 
the little band of pioneers who, two hundred and thirty- 
five years ago this day, bade adieu to the England of the 
old world, to raise up another in the new ; and with 
what reverence should their names and deeds and suffer- 
ings be cherished by those who inherit their blood. 

Uneducated they may, most of them, have been ; rus- 
tic, and bigoted if you will, with the sectarism of the 
times ; and intolerant, too, from the circumstances in 
which they had lived. Yet for all that, they were no 
common men ; they were of a higher order than the 
titled ; they were more even than nature's noblemen. 
They were men of whom the world was not then worthy; 
and if ever mortals deserved apotheosis, as heroes of the 
loftiest type, and seats as demigods among the stars, it 
was the men — aye, and the women too, of that pilgrim 
band ; and shame to the degenerate son who could stoop 
and pry and peep among the ashes of their funeral pyres 
for proof that they were but men ! 

Cherishing these sentiments, it was with unwonted 
pleasure that the speaker saw the movement set on foot 
to honor the Pilgrim, whose memory is uppermost in all 
minds here to-day. 



8 

For the first half century after the settlement of this 
place, his name and services were cherished in the colo- 
ny with the most ardent affection. But owing to the 
circumstance that he was not an actual settler, subse- 
quent generations, confining their attention to those, 
whose " sepulchres were wdth them," in a great measure 
lost sight of him ; and the histories of the early settle- 
ment of this country, mostly contenting themselves with 
beginning at the commencement of the settlement, have 
taken but little notice of him, except to record his name 
as one of those who were employed in the negotiations 
which opened the way for the emigration. 

It is to be regretted that the indifference to genealogy 
and to ancestry, of which w^e have spoken, so far influ- 
enced the first settlers themselves, that they neglected to 
preserve and transmit to us any memorials by which we 
might either ascertain their natal homes, or learn the 
conditions of life from which they came. Could they 
have foreseen the magnitude of that destiny, for their 
posterity and for mankind, the germs of which they were 
planting, they Avould probably have taken more care to 
preserve the means of gratifying our filial curiosity. As 
it is, we must be content, for the most part, with mere 
conjecture ; and we may as well indulge our fancy as 
task our research. If the question of origin might be 
settled by a name, the Winslows came from Bucks, and 
the Billingtons from Lancashire. If the Bradfords dis- 
pute whether they originated in the town (so called) in 
Yorkshire, or in that on the banks of the Avon, they 
may at least agree that they came from the banks of one 
of Britain's fordable rivers, and, perhaps, from some one 
of her Avons. The Eatons may possibly be assisted in 
determining the place of their ancestral home by the aid of 



9 

orthography ; though in tliose times, by the way, orthog- 
raphy Avas a very precarious test. There is an Eaton 
near Bedford, and an Eton near Windsor. By a simihir 
license the Chiltons may hail from the chalk hills of Buck- 
ingham ; and so the Leisters may have been denizens of 
the city of stockings on the banks of the Soare. They 
who bear the name of English, if perplexed as to the 
whereabouts of their origin, may at least have the cer- 
tainty that their progenitor, though he may have dwelt 
in Leyden, was not a Dutchman. 

If we are thrown upon conjecture as to tlieir homes, 
we are not less so as to their cmploymmts and professions. 

The Priests and the Clarks, though they may have 
claimed to be Puritans, must have belonged to the Estab- 
lishment ; and however they may have preached and 
scolded about church-rates, the runaways were, without 
doubt, men of tithe and stipend. 

The Carvers, the Turners, and the Tinkers need not 
be told that they have descended from mechanics. 

The Gardiners may be assured that their progenitor 
was, at least to some small extent, a tiller of the ground ; 
and the Cooks, that the business of theirs was within 
doors. 

If the Crackstons should be shy of this method of sup- 
plying the lack of history, from the idea of any thing 
penal, let them be reminded that macadamizing by con- 
vict labor is a recent invention. And the pride of the 
Fletchers may take refuge in an antiquity when arrow- 
making was not a puerile employment, as arrow-using 
was no " child's play." If the Goodmans can infer 
nothing positive either as to the origin or the station 
of their ancestor from his namc^ they will at least be 
satisfied as to his character ; while the Soules will be 

2 



10 

sure that theirs was a man of spirit. As to the Cush- 
mans : some suppose our name to be Hebrew, with 
an English termination. Others think it to be a corrup- 
tion or a softening from Coachman. In favor of the 
latter derivation there is at least one instance of record. 
If that is to be considered authoritative, we shall be 
allowed to felicitate ourselves that our progenitor held a 
commanding position in his day ; that he was looked up 
to by men of all ranks ; and that he ' ' drove his car- 
riage and pair." 

In sober truth, however, if the Pilgrim's name was 
Coachman, he could not have been the original owner of 
it, and he could not have been very near to the ancestry 
whose employment had fixed it on them, as we shall see 
reason to believe in the sequel. 

As to locality ; the only thing which the Speaker 
has been able to find on which to found any probable 
conjecture as to that of our own English home, is an 
allusion to an excursion which our ancestor took while 
engaged in the negotiations at London. It would be 
very natural, certainly, for a man, when preparing to 
bid a final adieu to his native land, to embrace such an 
opportunity of leisure as he must have had, pending the 
tardy progress of the object of his mission, to revisit the 
scenes of his childhood, if within his reach. If he was 
one of the original emigrants to Holland, he had now 
been many years beyond reach of those scenes. Mr. 
Eobinson and his people left England in 1609. Eight 
years at least, therefore, had probably passed since he 
had had an opportunity of seeing them. And now, that 
he was in England once more, not to be hunted by the 
blood-hounds of religious persecution, as before his exile, 
but as the representative of a people, and engaged in 



11 

negotiations with the Government for the achievement of 
an object of high national and philanthropic interest, 
nothing coukl be more natural than such a visit. 

The only record extant, however, of such visit, if it 
took place, is found in the allusion above referred to. 
That would place his family home in Kent or Sussex — 
in the extreme south of England. INIr. Robinson and 
his church, indeed, originated in the north. But this 
does not invalidate our conclusion ; for Bradford, as 
quoted by Prince, says : " About this time, (December, 
1610,) and the following years, many come to his church 
from divers parts of England." 

But if we are left to conjecture as to the place of his 
birth, we are in no uncertainty as to his social position 
and character. These will be apparent as we trace the 
trusts co?nmitted to him, and the services he rendered in the 
founding of Plymouth colony. 

And, in forming our estimate of his character and 
standing before the world, we must take into considera- 
tion the circumstances of the people by whom he was 
employed, and the delicacy and difiiculty of the mission 
which was intrusted. The Pilgrims were virtually an 
outlawed people. They were accounted rebels by the 
Government of their native land, and were refugees from 
their sovereign's displeasure. They were now entering 
on endeavors to obtain the favoring ear of that sovereign 
for a petition which was vital to all their hopes, for them- 
selves and their posterity. And this w^as to be gained, if 
gained at all, not by confessions, recantations, and sub- 
mission, but by frank avowal of non-conformity to his 
demands, and the demands of the church of which he 
claimed to be the Head. The very petition itself was an 
expression of preference for exile to a wilderness before 



12 

submission to those demands. They were to ask the 
favor of being let alone by Bishops' Courts and Star 
Chambers while worshiping God in another hemisphere. 

They were to seek leave to find an asylum from their 
hatred, their prisons and their confiscations, among sav- 
ages. They were to win the Government to their wishes 
by the hope they could awaken of new dominions for his 
Majesty in the wilds of America ; and were to inspire 
him with confidence in their loyalty despite their insub- 
ordination in matters of religion ; and with confidence in 
their capability despite their present humble condition, 
and their inexperience in matters of such arduous enter- 
prise. 

This was the errand for which they were to select 
their men. 

But when this object should be gained, if gained it 
should be, there still remained all the business arrange- 
ments of location, and of title to territory, to be settled 
with a mercenary corporation, under whose patent they 
should make their home ; and all the details of trans- 
portation, and the means of settlement, Avith wary mer- 
chants and money-lenders. 

Whom, in such exigency, would they employ ? whom 
but those most distinguished among them for intelligence, 
for prudence, for integrity, for acquaintance with the 
world and familiarity with the details of business ; and 
Avhose social position and cultivation might best serve 
them for access to those in power ? 

For this delicate, and", to them, vitally important 
service, they selected " Mr. — The prefix was never used 
among the Pilgrims except as a title of honor — Mr. Ro- 
bert Cushman and Mr. John Carver." In the Avords of 
their record, these men were appointed " to treat with 



18 

the Virginia Company ; and see if the King would give 
them libcrtij of conscience there.'' In forwarding these 
objects, it appears they continued in London some three 
months or more ; when Mr. Cushman returned to IIol- 
hind, and left Mr. Carver at London. It probably 
became necessary, in the progress of the negotiations, to 
communicate the state of things to the people at Leyden 
more freely and fully than could well be done by letters; 
and that Mr. Cushman went over for that purpose. A 
high commendation was bestowed on them both by Sir 
Edward Sandys, a prominent member of the Virginia 
Company, and afterwards its Governor, for the manner 
in which they had managed the business committed to 
them. Three months after their appointment, and prob- 
ably on the return of Mr. Carver to Leyden, Sir Edwin 
wrote thus concerning them : " Your agents have carried 
themselves with that discretion as is both to their own 
credit and theirs from whom they come ; and the seven 
articles subscribed with your names have given the gen- 
tlemen of the Council for Virginia that satisftxction which 
has carried them on to a resolution to forward your de- 
sire in the best sort that may be for your own and the 
public good." Mr. Carver, having received the more 
explicit written statement of the principles and aims of 
the Pilgrims, desired by the Company, returned to Lon- 
don in the month of December, accompanied by some 
individual of consideration among them, whose name is 
not given, but who is designated as "a gentleman of 
our Company." 

The agents had managed their business so well, it 
appears, as to gain the good will of the king, and the 
promise of his protection in the enjoyment of their reli- 
srion : and so well as even to obtain the consent of the 



14 

bishops. So said Sir John Worstenholme, in the Feb- 
ruary following, when a statement was sent him, by Mr. 
Robinson, of the tenets and usages of the Leyden church, 
to be communicated to the king's Privy Council, with the 
view of removing ill impressions which their enemies had 
made on the Council. 

Those enemies, however, were but too successful ; for, 
in May, Bradford says: "Though the agents of Mr. 
Robinson's people find the Virginia Company very de- 
sirous of their going to their West India territory, (as 
their grant in North America was then called,) and wil- 
ling to grant them a patent with as ample privileges as 
they could grant to any ; and some of the chiefs of the 
Company doubted not to obtain their suit of the king for 
liberty in religion, and to have it under the broad seal, 
as was desired ; yet they find it a harder piece of work 
than they expected. For though many means were used, 
and diverse of worth, with Sir Robert Nanton, chief Sec- 
retary of State, labored with the king to obtain it, and 
others wrought with the archbishop to give way thereto ; 
yet all in vain. They indeed prevail so far as that the 
king would connive at them, and not molest them pro- 
vided they carry peaceably ; but to tolerate them by his 
public authority, under his seal, would not be granted. 
Upon which the agents," says Bradford, " return to 
Leyden." Thus ended their first mission, in which they 
had been employed from August, 1617, to the follow- 
ing May. 

But, although they failed of the object of their ap- 
pointment, they had so conducted the negotiations con- 
fided to them as to retain the confidence of those in whose 
behalf they acted. The best evidence of this, in Mr. 
Cushman's case, is his re-appointment. The little com- 



15 

pany of exiles, notvnthstanding the great discouragement 
they had met from the king, resolve, after the lapse of 
about a year, to cast themselves on the care of Provi- 
dence, and emigrate on the best terms tliey might win 
from the civil and ecclesiastical powers. With this view 
they send Mr. Cushman again to London. But instead 
of Mr. Carver, they associate with him, this time, " Elder 
Brewster." On their arrival in London they found a 
new obstacle. The Virginia Company, on whose influ- 
ence they had relied, and under whose patent they were 
hoping to settle, was rent wath factions. " Sir T. Smith 
having desired," says Mr. Cushman, in a letter dated 
May 8th, 1619, " to be eased of his office of Treasurer 
and Governor of the Virginia Company, Sir Edwin 
Sandys was chosen ; but Sir Thomas repenting, and op- 
posing Sir Edwin, great disturbance and factions are 
raised in said Company, that no business could well go 
forward." 

How long the agents were embarrassed and detained 
by these dissensions does not clearly appear ; probably 
from April till near the close of the year. 

It was while waiting in London for the Company to 
come to a temper for business, that Mr. Cushman ven- 
tured on an absence of fourteen days to go into Kent to 
visit his childhood's home and take leave of his friends, 
as we have supposed, in view -of a final adieu to his 
native land. 

" After long attendance," to use the words of Brad- 
ford, " having obtained the desired patent from the Vir- 
ginia Company, Mr. Cushman returned to Holland." 
But after all the labor and the delay the Pilgrims had 
suffered, they were doomed yet to disappointment. The 
patent was taken out in the name of a gentleman who, 



16 

after it was obtained, relinquished the idea of embarking 
in the enterprise. The only thing now left them was to 
make the best terms they could luith such merchants in 
London as could be induced, by their selling themselves 
to their mercenary interests, to furnish them with the 
means of transportation. In this last resort Mr. Cush- 
man for the third time is called upon, and sent to London 
to make terms with the " Merchant Adventurers ;" and 
effect the necessary preparations for their departure. 
Mr. Carver is this time associated with him, and sent to 
Southampton to attend to the outfit at that port. 

The terms exacted, and to which the poor people at 
Leyden had been prepared by their sufferings and by 
hope long deferred to assent, were sufficiently severe. 
But the Adventurers, taking advantage of their necessi- 
ties, altered them in two most important points after 
they had been fairly settled. 

It is probable, after all the delays and discouragements 
they had suffered, that this last aggravation would have 
led to the abandonment of the idea of emigration alto- 
gether but for the influence of Mr. Cushman. He be- 
lieved that the project of American colonization was a 
practicable one ; and that his associates were the men to 
succeed. He had a faith that could pierce the cloud 
which enwrapped them ; a faith which saw a new empire 
rising in the new hemisphere, where the oppressed people 
of God might be free to worship according to the dictates 
of their conscience ; and he urged them to press forward 
to the work of laying the foundations of a New England 
more glorious than the old ; where, peradventure, they 
might yet have 

" A Church -without a bishop, and a State without a king." 



17 

That we do not over-estimate his forecast of the issues 
of the enterprise to which he had given himself, is ap- 
parent from the language of encouragement which he 
held to his fellow pilgrims ; and from the efforts which 
he made to enlist the people of England in the work of 
colonization ; and especially from the defences of liberty 
which he secured in the charter that, in connection with 
Winslow, he obtained for the first settlement in Massa- 
chusetts Bay ; a charter which really contains the germs 
of our free institutions. 

In that remarkable discourse, — the first that ever came 
from the press as a specimen of American preaching, — 
delivered by him to the Pilgrims near the spot where we 
are now assembled, on " The Sin and Danger of Self- 
Love," and in his prefiice to it, addressed " To his loving 
Friends, the Adventurers for New England, together 
With all Well-Willers and Well-Wishers thereunto," we 
have at once the most satisfactory CAddence of his appre- 
ciation of the enterprise, — of its difficulties, its exigen- 
cies, and its issues, — and of his faith, his fortitude, and 
his philanthropy ; and of the moral power which his 
character and standing gave him with his cotemporaries. 

In enforcing the precept of his text : " Let no man 
seek his own, but every man another's wealth," after 
reminding his suffering brethren that " the country Avas 
yet new, the land untitled, the cities not builded ;" 
and that they Avere " compassed about with a helpless 
people, — the natives of the country, — who could not 
help them;" and adverting to the dreadful mortality 
which had already, Avithin the first year, swept one half 
their number to the grave, he asks : "Is this a time for 
men to begin to seek themselves ? Paul saith that 

3 



18 

men in ' the last days ' shall be lovers of them- 
selves ; but it is here yet but the first clays, and, as 
it were, the dawning of this new world ! It is now, 
therefore, no time for men to look to get riches, brave 
clothes, dainty fare ; but to look to present necessities. 
It is now no time to pamper the flesh, live at ease, 
snatch, catch, scrape, and pill and hoard up, but rather 
to open the doors, the chests and vessels ; and say : 
Brother, neighbor, friend, what want ye ? any thing that 
I have ? Make bold with it ; it is yours to command, 
to do you good, to comfort and cherish you ; and glad I 
am that I have it for you. Lay away, then, all thought 
of former things and forget them, and think upon the 
things that are. Look not gapingly one upon another, 
pleading your goodness, your birth, your life you lived ; 
your means you had, and might have had. Here you 
are by God's providence under difficulties ; be thankful 
to God it is no worse, and take in good part that which 
is, and lift not up yourselves because of former privi- 
leges. When Job ivas brought to the dunghill he sat 
doivn upon it ! Consider, therefore, what you are now, 
and Avhose you are. Say not : I could have lived thus 
and thus ; but say : Thus and thus I must live ; for God 
and natural necessity require, if your difficulties be great 
you had need to cleave the faster together, and comfort 
and cheer up one another, laboring to make each other's 
burdens lighter. There is no grief so tedious as a churl- 
ish companion ; and nothing makes sorrows easy more 
than cheerful associates. Bear ye, therefore, one ano- 
ther's burthen, and be not a burthen one to another. 
Avoid all factions, frowardness, singularity, and with- 
drawings ; and cleave fast to the Lord, and to one 
another continually. So shall you be a notable pres- 



1!> 

ident* to these poor heathens whose eyes are upon you, 
and who very brutishly do daily eat and consume one 
another through their emulations nnd contentions. Be you, 
therefore, ashamed of it, and win them to peace both with 
yourselves and one another by your peaceable examples. 
So also shall you be an encouragement to many of your 
Christian friends in your native country, to come to you 
when they hear of your peace and love and kindness that 
is amongst you. But above all it shall go well with 
your souls Avhen that God of peace and unity shall come 
to visit you with death, as he hath done many of your 
associates, — you, being found of Him not in murmur- 
ings, discontent and jars, but in brotherly love and peace, 
may be translated from this wandering wilderness unto 
that joyful and heavenly Canaan." 

From these tones of authority and love — of mingling 
thunder and music — with which the discourse closes, we 
turn to its preface, written, it would appear, after his 
return to England. It was addressed to the English 
public in reference to the enterprise, and to the company 
of " Adventurers" by whose pecuniary aid the work had 
been begun : — 

" It pertaineth not to my purpose," said he, in ad- 
dressing the former, " to speak any thing either in praise 
or dispraise of the country ; so it is by God's providence 
that a few of us are there planted to our content, and 
have, with great Charge and difficulty, attained quiet 
and competent dwellings there. Thus much I will say 
for the satisfaction of such as have any thought of going 
hither to inhabit : that, for men who look after great 
riches, ease, pleasures, dainties and jollity in this Avorld, 

* Ciuardian power. 



20 

I would not advise them to come there, for, as yet, the 
country will afford no such matters. But if there be any 
who are content to lay out their Estates, spend their 
time, labors and endeavors for the benejit of them that 
shall come after, and in desire to further ihe gospel among 
these poor Heathens, quietly contenting themselves with 
such hardships and difficulties as by God's providence 
shall fall upon them, being young and in their strength, 
such men I would advise and encourage to go, for their 
ends cannot fail them.'' 

He then turns to those who had embarked their prop- 
erty in the undertaking, and who were revolving the 
question of continued support. And with a tact which, 
for its knowledge of human nature and its display of 
Christian spirit, reminds one of Paul winning his way to 
the hearts of Festusand Agrippa, (Acts 26 : 26 et scq.,) 
he proceeds : " And you, my loving Friends, the Ad- 
venturers to this Plantation ; as your care has been, 
first to settle religion here, before either profit or popu- 
larity, so I pray you go on to do it much more ; and 
be careful to send godly men though they (should) want 
some of that worldly policy which this world hath in her 
own generation. I rejoice greatly in your free and ready 
minds, to your powers, yea, and beyond your powers, 
to further this work ; that you thus honor God with 
your riches ; and I trust you shall be repaid again, double 
and treble, in this world : yea, and the memory of this 
action shall never die. Be not, therefore, discouraged ; 
for no labor is lost, nor money spent which is bestowed 
for God. Your ends were good, your success is good : 
and your profit is coming even in this life ; and in the 
life to come much more. "And what shall I say 
now ? A word to men of understanding sufticeth. 



21 

Pardon, I pray you, my boldness ; road over the en- 
suing treatise, and judge wisely of the poor weakling. 
And the Lord, the God of sea and land stretch out 
his arm of protection over you and us, and over all 
our lawful and good enterprises either (in) this or any 
other way." 

The poor weakling, as he calls the discourse in which 
he had sought to reconcile the colonists to the conditions 
to wdiich they had been obliged to submit in their en- 
gagement with the Adventurers, and to cheer them on- 
ward amid their discouragements, is, without doubt, one 
of the ablest discussions of the subject to be found from 
any pen. But partly because his modesty led him to 
fear it might be judged too rude and unlearned for that 
" curious age," and partly because he would have noth- 
ing esteemed by names, he gave -it to the world anony- 
mously, and merely as from one of the members of the 
.colony. " If any good or profit arise to thee, (address- 
ing his reader,) in the receiving of it give God the 
praise ; and esteem me as a son of Adam subject to all 
such frailties as other men :" " I seek no name.'' 

Such, my kindred, was the character, and such were 
the services of the " Pilgrim " who was our common 
father. His life was spent, even to its close, in the 
cause of American colonization ; and especially in the 
service of the colony here planted, to which he had given 
his earliest labors. And if any thing were wanting to 
complete the demonstration of his absorbing interest in 
it, and his unfaltering confidence in its success despite 
the appalling discouragements which attended its begin- 
ning, it would be supplied in the fact that after his sur- 
vey of the actual condition of things here, and on his 
return to England, as required, to make report to the 



99 



"Adventurers," he left beliind him his only son — his 
" Isaac'' — then of the tender age of fourteen years, in 
the guardianship of the colony, as a pledge of his confi- 
dence in its eventual prosperity, and as a hostage of his 
OAvn return to share with his brethren the difiiculties 
with which it was struggling. 

His expectation, however, was not realized. He died 
at the post of sentry, watching over its interests near the 
seats of power, and found his grave in the land of his 
birth. The news of his death reached this place by the 
same conveyance that brought the tidings of the decease 
of the loved and venerated pastor, Robinson ; and they 
seem to have been equally mourned. 

" Instead of the fathers shall be the children." The 
son whom he left behind him became his representative 
among the Pilgrims, and inherited, through a long life, 
the alfection they had bestowed on his father. 

His name was Thomas. He married Mary, the daugh- 
ter of Isaac Allerton, one of the most influential and 
honored of the Pilgrims. She herself was one of the 
emigrants of the May-Flower. 

Thomas Cushman and Mary Allerton, then, so far as 
actual residence in this country is concerned, are the 
" Abraham " and the " Sarah " of our race. Their lives, 
from their youth, were passed amid the scenes on which 
we look to-day ; and their mortal relics slumber, side by 
side, on yonder hill. 

During the long period of nearly forty-three years, he 
held the honorable post of Elder in this church, with the 
enviable reputation of a " precious servant of God." 

All that is known of her sustains the tradition that she 
was worthy of being the wife of such a man, and the 
mother of our " Israel." Four sons and four dau2;hters 



23 

inherited the treasure — the best they had to leave — of 
their pious example.* The sons all lived to become the 
heads of families. Their names were, Thomas, Isaac, 
Elkanah, and Eleazer. From these have sprung twenty- 
four Cushmans in the fourth generation ; ninety-eight in 
the Jifth ; two hundred and eighty-six in the sixth ; 
seven hundred and fifty-eight in the seventh ; one thou- 
sand three hundred and eighty-four in the eighth, most 
of whom are now living ; seven hundred and fifty-seven 
in the ninth, which is doing well its part in fulfilling the 
primitive command ; and the probation of nineteen of 
the tenth generation had begun when the book of our 
census was closed. 

Leaving each of you to trace your several pedigrees in 
the volume which has been prepared, your Speaker will 
simply say that he himself belongs to the eighth genera- 
tion : being the son of Job, who was the son of Robert, 
who was the son of Robert, who was the son of Robert, 
who was the son of Thomas, who was the son of Thomas, 
who was the son of the Pilgrim. 

Thus, Fathers and Brethren, have we "looked to the 
rock whence we were hewn." And who of us is not 
proud of the quarry 1 What better marble did Pares or 
Pentelicus ever yield ? We have " looked to the hole of 
the pit whence we were digged." Who of us would 
exchange his origin from that humble pilgrim for one of 
noble or of royal blood ? W^e have ' * looked to Abraham 
our father ;" and we have seen onr patriarch, when he 
was " called to go out into a place that he should after 
receive for an inheritance, obeying by faith, and going 

* Of the daughters, all lived to marry but one. Sarah married John 
Hawks of Lynn ; Lydia married William Harlow, Jr. ; Mary married a 
Hutchinson, of Lynn. Fear (" Ffeare") died young. 



24 

out not knowing whither he went." We have seen him, 
in that faith, offering up his Isaac, and " dying, not 
having received the promises." " But, having seen them 
afar off, he was persuaded of them, and embraced them ; 
and confessed that he was a stranger and a pilgrim on 
the earth." 

And, verily, we have seen that God blessed and in- 
creased him. How greatly He has increased him, the 
glad multitudes, who to-day throng the spot where, two 
hundred and thirty-four years since, stood the tabernacle 
in ivhich he sojourned in the land of promise as a strange 
country, may partly show ; and the many thousands 
written in this ' ' book of the Chronicles ' ' will more am- 
ply declare. 

But to what purpose have we taken this retrospect ? 

It is an impressive thought that though the fathers 
die, and the connexion of intercourse is severed, yet 
the connexion of influence remains ; so that they may 
be said to live and move and have their being among 
their descendants. And though the living may not 
reciprocate that influence to affect their well-being in 
the spirit land, yet they may go back and gather life 
and strength from the dust of what they were. So per- 
vading and strong is the pressure of the past on the 
present — the dead on the living — that if we were to be 
deprived of what they have ministered and do minister, 
we should have but little left of character or power. The 
trees that lift their glories to the summer sky are nursed 
by what is given from the earth ; the roots that give us 
our verdure spread beneath the sod. 

The correctness of this observation is seen in science, 
and art ; in religion, and manners ; and even in the very 
judgment and conscience, in which truth and reason 



25 

might be supposed to be sufficient to the existing gener- 
ation without so much reference to what has been : and 
the New EngUxnd character is at once a proof and illus- 
tration of it. Our pilgrim ancestors were, in a high 
degree, a homogeneous people ; blending, no doubt, the 
traits of the general English character, and the element 
of a common faith, with provincial peculiarities and with 
their own individualities : so that they might be said to 
have had their type somewhat after the uniformity that 
marked the dress of the time. 

The generation that succeeded them grew up in their 
likeness. And so, each succeeding one taking, now and 
then, some modification from some new incident element 
introduced from abroad or rising in its midst, has inher- 
ited and transmitted the elements of the original charac- 
ter ; and thus the old Puritan is still seen blushing 
through the features that mark the eighth generation of 
his posterity. 

And what is true of the Puritanic descent, as a whole, 
must be often forcibly so with regard to particular pedi- 
grees. As the peculiarity of using the left hand instead 
of the right, by one of the tribes of Israel, was the inher- 
itance of a usage originally marking one family ; as par- 
ticular forms of speech become, by family imitation, the 
dialect of particular localities which are socially isolated ; 
so are moral habitudes reproduced, and moral estimates 
flow down from common parental sources, and mingle in 
all the waters of the augmenting and widening streams 
of succeeding generations. 

One of the topics of enquiry most interesting to us, 
therefore, would be to ascertain how far the traits of 
character which gave individuality to our common ances- 
tor have marked those who have inherited his blood. 



26 

We have not time here to pursue the enquiry. The 
means for such an investigation, both among the dead 
and the living, will be furnished to a gratifying extent, 
we are happy to say, in the Historical Geneology. If 
we do not mistake, the features we have noticed in what 
has come to us from the old Pilgrim's pen, will be recog- 
nized in the productions of living representatives ; while 
it will be seen that his social and moral traits have been 
almost universally the traits of his posterity. 

We have had occasion to remark upon his unobtrusive- 
ness. Though he was a leader among his people, it was 
not of his seeking ; he rather shrank from the public eye 
than courted it. In an " action," the memory of which 
he believed would never die, he "sought no name." 
" If any profit shall arise to thee, give God the praise." 

Whether his posterity have been more fortunate than 
himself in reference to the occupancy of leading positions 
may admit of debate ; but certainly they have never been 
distinguished as office-seekei'S. Who ever heard of a 
Cushman that was a demagogue ? So far from it, I 
doubt if ever one was found with brass enough for an 
auctioneer. 

Whatever may be true of the generation now on the 
stage, those who have gone before us were certainly an 
unobtrusive, sober-minded people, who were more anx- 
ious to deserve the suffrage of their contemporaries than 
to possess it ; and were content to obtain, by their in- 
dustry, the share they sought of this world's good things, 
rather than by office, place, and power. The great body 
of them, for successive generations, were tillers of the 
soil : the son going out, after the example of the father, 
to take new land and subdue it. The song of the plow- 
man mingled with the sound of the axe ringing out from 



27 

primeval forests. Their evening hymn went up from 
homes amid solitiules ; and Avhon the story, often re- 
hearsed, of the sufferings and the virtues of their fathers 
had been repeated to their chiklren, and all commended 
to the care of Heaven, they sought, contented and thank- 
ful, the Aveary husbandman's early repose. 

" Far from the madd'ning crowd's ignoble strife, 
Their sober wishes never learned to stray ; 
Along the cool, sequestered vale of life 
They held the noiseless tenor of their way." 

But the wilderness and the solitary place icerc glad for 
them ; and the desert rejoiced and blossomed as the rose. 
If the name has not been distinguished by the workings 
of ambition, it is much to us that it has never been made 
infamous by crime ; if it lias been seldom emblazoned 
on those heights reserved for political aspirants to reach, 
it is matter for congratulation that it has been sought for, 
throughout its generations, in vain among the records of 
the fallen. A solitary instance only, I believe, has been 
found in which, for some minor offence, it has been con- 
nected with the violation of the laws. And surely, my 
kindred, it is better for us than honors or estates, that 
they have left us an unsullied name. 

But they have left us more : there is value in their 
example. Their industry, their frugality, their content- 
ment, their piety, were virtues we cannot too often con- 
template ; too much admire ; or, too earnestly emulate. 
Though their lives, then, may have been " unknown to 
fame," still let their memories be cherished by us for the 
benefit of their ancestral example. By others let them 
be forgot. 

But the world must not forget the Pilgrim. We lift 
our voice aoainst such wrong ; and we have come here 



28 

to-day to protest against the injustice of history, and to 
do Avhat we can to repair it. We protest against the in- 
gratitude which has left his name to die out of the land ; 
and we have come to do what we may, with filial love 
and patriotic gratitude, to give him that position, in the 
eye of coming generations, which his virtues and his ser- 
vices deserve. 

As we have before said, the histories, — especially the 
later histories of our country, — have hardly given a place 
for the solitary inscription of his name. It stands, in- 
deed, in some of them as having been borne by one of 
the men employed in the initial movements of the church 
at Leyden towards a settlement in America ; and that is 
all : — unless we except the implication in some of them 
that timidity rather than necessity withheld him from the 
number who were passengers in the May-Flower ! 

But verily there is some palliation for this curt dis- 
missal by the historian after the oblivion in which our pa- 
triotism has left him. We sometimes speak of the " ca- 
prices of fortune ; " and may we not speak of the caprices 
o^famc ? For caprice it has been, or accident rather 
than design. 

But how strange, — how passing strange that the man 
who Avas the chief instrument in the first settlement of 
New England, as is clear from his having been the uni- 
formly appointed agent of the Pilgrims whoever else was 
associated with him ; — the man whom, at his death. 
Governor Bradford acknowledsjed to have been the colo- 
ny's " right hand ;" — the man who first vindicated the 
enterprise to the world through the Press, and made the 
first public appeal that was made to the Protestant Chris- 
tians of England in behalf of the religious interests of 
the Aborio-ines of America ; — the man who, to save the 



29 

colony from the perils to which he saw it exposed, wrote 
and delivered, — though neither Minister nor Elder, — the 
first sermon ever published from a New England man, 
and the first ever written on New England soil ; — the 
man whose devotion to the safety and comfort of the first 
company of emigrants led him to forego a passage for 
himself and his family in the vessel which he had himself 
provided, — the May-Flower, — and take his own passage 
in the rickety Speedwell ; and after her third failure, to 
disembark to look after and share the fate of those who 
must be left behind ; and who, after he had reached the 
colony consented to spend year after year, not only sepa- 
rate from his brethren, but separate from his only child 
that he might be their "right hand" with the Adven- 
turers, and watch over their interests near a jealous and 
intolerant throne, — how, strange, I say, that such a man 
should have been so little honored, and now so little 
known among the people who have enjoyed the fruits of 
his sacrifices and toils ! While Carver and Brewster, 
successively his associates in negotiation ; — while Brad- 
ford, and Winslow, and Standish, and Hopkins, and I 
know not how many others of his fellow-laborers have 
been remembered and honored in the names of towns and 
counties ; — while the pilot, even, the benefit of whose 
skill he surrendered for the safety of others, has been 
immortalized in the name of yonder island ; — while even 
the very loafer, Billington, who " slipped in" among the 
Pilgrims at Southampton and " was of no benefit to the 
colony," has been saved from merited oblivion by yonder 
" Sea ;" — while History and Poetry, and Sculpture and 
Painting have been vying with each other in homage to 
" the fathers of the nation ;" and while hardly a fourth 
rate politician has risen to bluster about " liberty" and 



30 

the " glory of America," whose name has not been per- 
petuated as the appellation of some portion of its terri- 
tory, — that name, to which New England and the country 
owe more, if we speak of generative influence, than to 
almost any other on the page of her history or the map 
of her soil, is, to this day, nnborne by any county, or 
town, or island, or mountain, or river, or rill in America ! 
The only monument yet found, from ocean to ocean of 
her wide domain, is in the hearts of his children. 

And shall it be so forever ? Forbid it, gratitude ; for- 
bid it, patriotism ; forbid it. Heaven ! Forbid it, ye who 
now bear that name ; forbid it ye, of whatever name, 
wdiose hearts now throb with the Pilgrim's blood ; forbid 
it, ye living ; forbid it, ye unborn ! AVe disinter from 
the dust of ages a name that was not born to perish : 
protect it, ye living, from its past unmerited doom. 
Raise high on yonder hill, Avhere the ashes of his fomily 
rest, — his own ye may not reach, — the monumental 
stone that shall speak his worth to coming times, and 
show that ye were not ungrateful. 

And you. Posterity, we commit the vestal charge of his 
fame to you ! AVe go — we go, to rest with the fathers. 
And when the places that now know us shall know us no 
more, ye shall realize "the benefits of them that shall 
come after," in the faith of Avhich the Pilgrim died. 

The time shall come, it shall come, — though centuries 
intervene, though nations perish to prepare its way, — when 
Truth shall vanquish error ; when Justice shall preside at 
seats of power ; when Ambition shall ask for her laurels at 
the hand of Virtue. And then shall Fame, having learned 
new lessons on greatness and glory, re-arrange the orna- 
ments of her temple, and set men of beneficence above 
men of blood : " The names of the wicked shall rot, but 



31 

the memory of the just shall be l)lesseil." Then shall 
be second deaths on earth : then sliall be resurrections ! 
Then the Right Hand of Plymouth's Pilgrhns shall bo 
seen again among the living. Their leader shall resume 
his place on the deck of the May-Flower ; and, as she 
floats along the stream of ages, generation shall vie with 
generation in grateful acknowledgment of his services 
and homage to his worth : the memory of his actions 
shall never die ; and the name of the man who sought 
no name shall be immortal. 



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